In summary, stem cell-based method and composite material-based method for kidney repair and regeneration are effective measures to treat kidney diseases, which are expected to improve the quality of patients life by addressing the issues with immune rejection and donor scarcity associated with kidney transplantation. This article will focus on stem cells and composite materials, and provide a detailed introduction to the research progress in the field of kidney repair and regeneration from the perspectives of stem cell therapy, composite material therapy, tissue engineering of kidneys and kidney organoids based on the combination of stem cell and composite material. We also analyze the mechanisms of different methods for treating kidney diseases. At the same time, we provide a detailed analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches and suggest possible future developments in kidney regeneration