Recently James Corbett did an episode of Corbett Report on tools for online researchers. He listed some he uses and then his site members listed more in the comments.
Here I've compiled them all together with a brief explanation. You can now find this list on the links page in it's own "Tools" section. Suggestions for additions to the list are welcome, here in the comments, or sent to modmail anytime.
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youtube-dl - comprehensive program for downloading youtube videos - terminal or GUI - with many options
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Yandex Image Search - excellent image search & reverse image search too
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convertcase - convert the case of copy/pasted text
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highlighter - extension for an online highlighter
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HTtrack or webhttrack - download and preserve entire websites
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Web to PDF - online webpage to pdf convertor
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Million Short - Million Short makes it easy to discover sites that just don't make it to the top of the search engine results for whatever reason
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Archive web pages: https://archive.ph/ or https://archive.is
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https://ricks-apps.com/osx/sitesucker/ (like Htrack for OSX)
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nsfwyoutube.com - watch age-restriced videos on youtube without signing in. Just paste nsfw in front of youtube in addressbar of video
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Bypass Paywalls - extension for Chrome, Brave, Chromium - also available for Firefox
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Open Broadcaster Software - download in-progress live streamed videos
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ArchiveBox - powerful, self-hosted internet archiving solution to collect, save, and view sites you want to preserve offline
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Wallabag - self hostable application for saving web pages: Save and classify articles. Read them later. Freely.
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Keepnote - note taking application that works on Windows, Linux, and MacOS X
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WayBack Machine Downloader - Download archived webpages from wayback machine
Great list, my additions. You learn all on this page (all posts) and your OSINT skills are better than 90% of people out there.
Archive.org is already compromised. do NOT store there, only look for already stored stuff there. They have started retroactively censoring. Use Archive.IS for now.
eTools.CH meta-search engine (google, bing, duckduckgo, exalead, fastbot, qwant, yahoo, yandex, etc.) that allows you to rank different search engines (rank google down, rank others up, make Results 40/page, make 40 results per engine, save your own preferences, learn to use + and "" and site: in your search terms): https://www.etools.ch/searchAdvancedSubmit.do?query=
MetaGer - another meta search engine, that does NOT automatically put google results on top. You can find different hits with this search engine than with the big two (google and bing, which have their own indexes, but rank/censor heavily) : https://metager.org/
Brave Search - a new search engine, with no censoring and privacy and does NOT use the Google index by default, but is slowly building it's own (it will take time, so don't expect this to cover nearly what Google / Bing cover now) : https://search.brave.com/
Torch - TOR + search but with lots of ads - you need a TOR browser first : http://xmh57jrzrnw6insl.onion/
Ahmia - Another Tor network search, but you can initially search with a basic browser, but need a TOR browser to follow links to TOR results : https://ahmia.fi/
Forensically - Alternative Photo Forensic tool with clone detection, ELA, NA, LLS, LG, PCA, MD ,GT and other analyses: https://29a.ch/photo-forensics/#forensic-magnifier
META.ORG scientific paper search along with pre-prints. Learn to use filters on the right column : https://www.meta.org/
BioRxiv & MedRxiv : Biomedicine/medicine preprint servers for uncensored pre-published scientific papers: https://www.biorxiv.org/search https://www.medrxiv.org/search
ThreadReader - Read and PDF print full twitter threads (they don't properly print out from twitter.com) : https://threadreaderapp.com/
PubMed - Really. Learn to use it. Powerful advanced search. The shit you can find for free is amazing. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/
Espacenet - worldwide patent search : https://worldwide.espacenet.com/
NewsNow - news links / headline aggregator and search engine NOT controlled by google : https://www.newsnow.co.uk/h/?search=
Odysee , Rumble , Brighteon , Bitchute , BrandNewTube - Alt video platforms - learn to use their searches properly : https://odysee.com/ https://rumble.com/ https://www.bitchute.com/ https://www.brighteon.com/ https://brandnewtube.com/
Baidu.com - yes really. It is CCP censored, but mainly about CCP / China critical stuff. Think it like this way : If you wanted to read shit on USA that was censored in USA during cold war you read TASS/Izvestia. But if you wanted to read shit on USSR, you would have to go to non-Soviet sources. Everybody does propaganda, just find a away around local propaganda. Same logic works here. https://baidu.com/
SearX - another meta-search engines with various nodes (URLs that you search from). Very very handy .Does not censor, but doesn' t have an index of it's own (uses other engines, like all other meta search engines): https://searx.me/
Bypass Paywalls Clean - a better browser extension than the standard "Bypass Paywalls" (Mozzilla and chromium derivatives ) to bypass paywalls on most for-pay major newspapers sites : https://github.com/qnoum/bypass-paywalls-chrome-clean-magnolia1234#installation-instructions
GreaseMonkey - browser extension with tons of good installable JavaScript extensions from greasyfork that make google, searching, linking, archiving, youtube, bitchute, etc tons better/faster: https://www.greasespot.net/ https://greasyfork.org/en
RevEye Reverse Image search extension (chromium) : search by image on Google, Bing, Yandex and TinEye simultaneously, saving time on separate searches : https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/reveye-reverse-image-sear/keaaclcjhehbbapnphnmpiklalfhelgf?hl=en
Discussion button Search Extension for Chromium on Google searches - bring back the forum search feature that Google removed (in a roundabout way). Kludgy, but sometimes helpful: https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/discussions-button-for-go/igjiggoeheaondbmhmilpmbdkpgcjmdn
Scribd - tons of books and PDFs and saved web pages. Very, very useful for older reference materials that have disappeared from elsewhere on the web. https://www.scribd.com/search
Will add more later if I have time. This should help most to get up to speed.