Defluoridation can be accomplished … by percolating the water with high levels of fluoride through granular beds of activated alumina, bone meal, bone char, or tri-calcium phosphate or using coagulation and precipitation.
In the case of activated alumina beds, the optimal removal of fluoride occurs in the pH range from 5 to 8. The activated alumina beds can be regenerated by treatment with a caustic soda (NaOH) solution when they become saturated with fluoride and the excess caustic soda is removed by rinsing and neutralization with an acid (H2SO4 or HCl).
Mixed-bed demineralizers can also be used to reduce the fluoride concentration. A mixed-bed demineralizer will remove other minerals along with the fluoride.
Additional methods of fluoride removal include coagulation with alum and precipitation with lime.
Bottled water is not usually analyzed for fluoride.
Pitcher or faucet-mounted water filters do not alter fluoride content.
Reverse osmosis removes 65% - 95% depending on the particular membrane sues. RO filters on size of the molecule.
Defluoridation can be accomplished … by percolating the water with high levels of fluoride through granular beds of activated alumina, bone meal, bone char, or tri-calcium phosphate or using coagulation and precipitation.
In the case of activated alumina beds, the optimal removal of fluoride occurs in the pH range from 5 to 8. The activated alumina beds can be regenerated by treatment with a caustic soda (NaOH) solution when they become saturated with fluoride and the excess caustic soda is removed by rinsing and neutralization with an acid (H2SO4 or HCl).
Mixed-bed demineralizers can also be used to reduce the fluoride concentration. A mixed-bed demineralizer will remove other minerals along with the fluoride.
Additional methods of fluoride removal include coagulation with alum and precipitation with lime.
Bottled water is not usually analyzed for fluoride.
Defluoridation can be accomplished … by percolating the water with high levels of fluoride through granular beds of activated alumina, bone meal, bone char, or tri-calcium phosphate or using coagulation and precipitation.
In the case of activated alumina beds, the optimal removal of fluoride occurs in the pH range from 5 to 8. The activated alumina beds can be regenerated by treatment with a caustic soda (NaOH) solution when they become saturated with fluoride and the excess caustic soda is removed by rinsing and neutralization with an acid (H2SO4 or HCl).
Mixed-bed demineralizers can also be used to reduce the fluoride concentration. A mixed-bed demineralizer will remove other minerals along with the fluoride.
Additional methods of fluoride removal include coagulation with alum and precipitation with lime.