In 66 CE, the Jews began to rebel against Rome. In 70 CE, the decisive battle took place in Jerusalem. The Jews suffered a resounding defeat. Many Jews were killed. Jerusalem was destroyed.

In 115 CE, the Jews rebelled against Rome again. The Jews went berserk. They committed several genocides. In 117 CE, the Jews suffered another resounding defeat. Many Jews were killed.

In 132 CE, the Jews rebelled against Rome again. In 135 CE, the Jews suffered another resounding defeat. Many Jews were killed. Rome banished the Jews from Jerusalem, and the city was henceforth called Aelia Capitolina.

In 632 CE, the Caliphate was established. In 637 CE, the Muslims conquered Jerusalem. The Romans were resoundingly defeated. Caliph Umar entered Jerusalem on a camel. The inhabitants of Jerusalem bowed before the new ruler. Roman rule over Jerusalem finally ended after 700 years.

Caliph Umar lifted the ban that forbade Jews from entering Jerusalem. Jews gradually began to return. Caliph Umar cleaned up the Temple Mount, which had been used by the Roman Christians as a garbage dump. Later, the Muslims built the Dome of the Rock on the very site where the Jewish Temple once stood.

With the early Islamic conquest, a new era began. The Romans lost their position as the world power to the Muslims. And the return of Jews to Jerusalem was not insignificant, but rather decisive. The absolute majority of Jews worldwide now lived in the Caliphate.