I read a local news story that yesterday a 56-year-old woman died 1 month after being bitten by a marmoset and the doctors said it was her fault for not continuing treatment and getting vaccinated.
If it is not a virus, what causes the neurological symptoms days or weeks (the supposed incubation time) after a bite?
Pretty simple. Rabies is a parasite, not a "virus" (hoax). They intentionally mislabel many parasites as "viruses" to mislead. For example, look at the picture of the "ebola virus" on wikipedia. Does that look like a "virus" to you?
Introduced into a weak Terrain, the parasite will proliferate. The rabies parasite takes hold in the brain, hence neurological symptoms.